A ninth-grade English learner chats easily with classmates, jokes in the hallway, and translates for his family at stores. In biology, however, he struggles to understand the textbook and write lab conclusions. Which explanation best accounts for this pattern?
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Answer: C. He has developed social language skills but is still developing academic language proficiency
Cummins distinguished basic interpersonal communicative skills (BICS), which often develop in a few years, from cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP), which can take five to seven years or more. Fluent conversation therefore does not mean a student is ready for dense academic text. Assuming a disability or a lack of effort misreads a normal stage of language acquisition.